Global Urbanization and Protected Areas: Challenges and opportunities posed by a major factor of global change — and creative ways of responding, by Ted Trzyna. Sacramento: California Institute of Public Affairs / InterEnvironment for IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), 2007.

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This is one of a series of reports on impacts of global change on protected areas commissioned by IUCN, the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The series is part of the Ecosystems, Protected Areas, and People Project of IUCN's World Commission on Protected Areas and Programme on Protected Areas. The project has been funded by the United Nations Global Environment Facility.

This and other papers in the series will be posted on the Web site of IUCN's Protected Areas Learning Network (PALNet), www.parksnet.org. 

This paper is related to the IUCN Task Force on Protected Areas, for which the California Institute of Public Affairs / InterEnvironment provides the secretariat.

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Table of Contents

Preface

About the author and sponsors

1.  Background

     a.  Urbanization as a factor of global change

     b.  Uncertain consequences of climate change

     c.  What is “urban”?

     d.  Cities and larger ecosystems: The context

2.  How urbanization affects protected areas

     a.  Forms of urbanization

     b.  Impacts of urbanization

3.  Case studies: Protected areas and creative approaches to urbanization

     a.  Introduction

     b.  Kenya

               Introduction

               Nairobi National Park

               Lake Nakuru National Park

               Mombasa Marine National Park and Reserve

               Web sites

     c.  South Africa’s Cape Region

               Introduction

               Table Mountain National Park

               Edith Stephens Wetlands Park

               Web sites

     d.  The Californias (USA-Mexico)

               Introduction

               Protected areas along a troubled border

               Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve

               Fragmentation and wildlife migration corridors

               Los Angeles: Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area

               Los Angeles: Little places with big results

               The desert: Joshua Tree National Park

               The desert: Protected areas in a coalescing megapolis

               Sierra Nevada parks: Sequoia-Kings Canyon and Yosemite

               Web sites

     e.  A miscellany (with Web sites)

               Australia: Urban invasive species

               Brazil: The São Paolo Greenbelt

               Cape Verde: Second-home enclaves on the island of Sal

               China: Hong Kong’s Country and Marine Parks

               Kiribati: Intensity on a small scale              

4.  Challenges and opportunities

     a.  Challenges

     b.  Opportunities

5.  Lessons learned

6.  Conclusions

7.  Resources for further information

8.  Notes

9.  References and bibliography